sopsi         

Loading

V. Manna, M.T. Daniele, M. Pinto - Vol. 10, September 2004, Issue 3

Testo Immagini Bibliografia Summary Indice

Farmacoterapia del disturbo borderline di personalità
Drug treatment of borderline personality disorder

1 Swartz M, Blazer D, George L, Winfield I. Estimating the prevalence of borderline personality disorder in the community. J Pers Disorders 1990;4:257-72.

2 Widiger TA, Frances AJ. Epidemiology, diagnosis and comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. In: Tasman A, Hales RE, Frances AJ, eds. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1989;8:8-24.

3 Stone MH. The course of borderline personality disorder. In: Tasman A, Hales RE, Frances AJ, eds. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1989;8:103-22.

4 Manna V, Daniele M T, Pinto M. Fattori ezio-patogenetici del disturbo borderline di personalità. Ital J Psychopathol 2004;10:102-22.

5 Jaspers K. Allgemeine psychopathologie. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1913.

6 Schneider K. Die Psychopathischen personlichkeiten. Leipzeig: Franz Deuticke 1923.

7 American Psychiatric Association. Manuale diagnostico e statistico dei disturbi psichiatrici (DSM-lII). Milano: Masson 1983.

8 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1987.

9 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1994.

10 Soloff PH. What’s new in personality disorders? An update on pharmacologic treatment. J Pers Disord 1990;413:233-43.

11 Stein G. Drug treatment of personality disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:167-84.

12 Coccaro EF. Psycopharmacologic studies in patients with personality disorder: review and perspective. J Pers Disord 1993;7(Suppl):81-92.

13 Andrulonis PA, Gluech BC, Stroebel CF. Borderline personality disorder subcategories. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:6-9.

14 Skodol A, Buckley P, Charles E. Is there a characteristic pattern to the treatment history of clinical outpatients with borderline personality? J Nerv Ment Dis 1983;171:405-10.

15 Ogata SN, Silk KR, Goodrich S, Lohr NE, Westen D, Hill EM. Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990:147:1008-13.

16 Siever LJ, Davis KL. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991:148:1647-58.

17 Silverman JM, Pinkham L, Harvath TB. Affective and impulsive personality disorder traits in the relatives of borderline personality disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry 1991:148:1378-85.

18 Zanarini MC. Frankenburg FR, Gunderson JG. Pharmacotherapy of borderline outpatients. Compr Psychiatry 1988:29:372-8.

19 Manna V, Ruggiero S. Dipendenze patologiche da sostanze: comorbidità psichiatrica o continuum psicopatologico? Rivista di Psichiatria 2001;36:1-14.

20 Fyer M. Suicide attempts in patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:737-9.

21 Goldberg SC, Schulz SC, Schulz PM, Resnick RJ, Hamer RM, Friedel RO. Borderline and schizotypal personality disorders treated with low-dose thiotixene vs placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:680-6.

22 Derogatis L, Lipman R, Covi L. SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale-preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 1973;9:13-7.

23 Gunderson JG. Early discontinuance of borderline patients from psychotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989;177:38-42.

24 Coid T, Allolio B, Rees LH. Raised plasma metenkephalin in patients who habitually mutilate themselves. Lancet 1983;2:545-95.

25 Cloninger CR. A systematic model for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:579-88.

26 Cloninger C R. A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatr Dev 1986;3:167-226.

27 Cloninger RC, Martin RL, Guze SB, Clayton PJ. The empirical structure of psychiatric comorbidity and its theoretical significance. In: Maser JD, Cloninger CR, eds. Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington-London: American Psychiatric Press 1990:439-62.

28 Kapfhammer HP, Hippius H. Pharmacotherapy in personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1998;12:277-88.

29 Soloff PH. Algorithms for pharmacological treatment of personality dimensions: symptom-specific treatment for cognitive-perceptual affective, and impulsive-behavioral dysregulation. Bull Menninger Clinic 1998;62:195-214.

30 Manna V. La reazione di allerta nei pazienti schizofrenici. Modificazioni dei parametri neurofisiologici e loro significato funzionale. Gazzetta Sanitaria della Daunia 1994;44:40-8.

31 Bolino F, De Michele V, Di Cicco L, Manna V, Daneluzzo E, Casacchia M. Sensorimotor gating and habituation evoked by electro-cutaneous stimulation in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1994;36:670-9.

32 Widiger TA. Categorical versus dimensional classification: implication from and for research. J Pers Disord 1992;6:287-300.

33 Bolino F, Di Michele V, Manna V, Di Cicco L, Casacchia M. Information-processing deficits in schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders. Journal of Psychophysiology 1993;7:348-9.

34 Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:975-90.

35 Manna V, Mescia G, Ferrone MC, Giordano MA. Ouroboros il serpente alchemico. Verso l’integrazione tra psicoterapia e farmacoterapia nel trattamento dei disturbi mentali correlati all’abuso di sostanze. Giorn Ital Psicopatol 1998;2:209-17.

36 Manna V, Daniele MT, Mario P. Disedonia. Ruolo della disregolazione omeostatica edonica nelle dipendenze patologiche da sostanze ed in altri disturbi psico-patologici. Ital J Psychopatol 2003;9:71-92.

37. Gitlin MJ. Pharmacotherapy of personality disorders. Conceptual framework and clinical strategies. J C1in Psychopharmacol 1993;13:343-53.

38 Pelissolo A, Lepine SP. Les traitments pharmacologiques des troubles de la personalité. L’Encéphale 1999;25:496-509.

39 Soloff PH. Psychopharmacological therapies in borderline personality disorder. In: Tasman A, Hales RE, Frances AT, eds. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1989:65-83.

40 Cowdry RW. Psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder. A review. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(Suppl):15S-22S.

41 Pintus A, Maggini C. Linee-guida del trattamento farmacologico del Disturbo Borderline di Personalità. Nòos. Aggiornamenti in Psichiatria 1995;1:111-9.

42 Manna V. Therapeutic effects of paroxetine on the cocaine abuse in heroin addicts. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems 2001;3:21-5.

43 Manna V. Comorbidità psichiatrica delle farmaco-tossicodipendenze. Medicina delle Tossicodipendenze 2000;26-27:66-76.

44 Manna V. Comorbidità psichiatrica dell’abuso di sostanze. In: Nizzoli U, Pissacroia G, eds. Trattato completo degli abusi e delle dipendenze. Padova: Piccin Editore 2004.

45 Pacini M, Maremmani I. Il problema della personalità tossicofilica nella patogenesi del disturbo da uso di sostanze psicoattive. Revisione della Letteratura e recenti acquisizioni. Giorn Ital Psicopatol 2001;7:185-99.

46 Ekselius L, Von Knorring L. Changes in personality traits during treatment with sertraline or citalopram. Br J Psychiatry 1999;174:444-8.

47 Verkes RI, Van der Most RC, Hengeved MW. Reduction by Paroxetine of suicidaI behavior in patients with repeated suicide attempts but not major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:543-7.

48 Markovitz PJ, Wagner SL. Venlafaxine in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31:773-7.

49 Hilger E, Barnas C, Kasper S. Quetiapine in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003;4:42-4.

50 Manna V, Daniele MT, Pinto M. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: safety and efficacy of the treatment with quetiapine. International Society for the Study of Personality disorders. VIII International ISSPD Congress "Controversial issues in personality disorders" Firenze, 9-12 October 2003 abstract book pg. 150.

51 Cowdry RW, Gardner DL. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine and tranylcypromine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:111-9.

52 Soloff PH, Cornelius J, George A. The depressed borderline: one disorder or two? Psychopharmacol Bull 1991;27:23-30.

53 Soloff PH, George A, Nathan RS. Amitriptyline vs haloperidol in borderlines. Final outcomes and predictors of response. J Clin Psycopharmacol 1989;9:238-46.

54 Kavoussi RJ, Liu J, Coccaro EF. An open trial of sertraline in personality disordered patients with impulsive aggression. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:137-41.

55 Markovitz PJ. Pharmacotherapy of impulsivity, aggression and related disorders. In: Hollander E, Slein D, eds. Impulsivity and Aggression. Wiley, United Kingdom: Surrey 1995:263-87.

56 Hirschfeld RMA. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58(14 Suppl.1):48-52.

57 Gardner DL, Cowdry RW. Alprazolam induced dyscontrol in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:98-100.

58 Soloff PH. Is there any drug treatment of choice for the borderline patients? Acta Psychiatr Scan 1994;89(379 Suppl):50S-55S.

59 Chouinard G. Clonazepam in acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(Suppl.):29-37.

60 Wolf M, Grayden T, Carreon O. Psychotherapy and buspirone in borderline patients. Presented at New Research, American Psychiatric Association, Annual Meeting, New York, May 16, 1990.

61 Soloff PH, Comelius J, George A. Nathan S, Perel JM, Ulrich RF. Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:377-85.

62 Cornelius JR, Soloff PH, Perel JM, Ulrich RF. Continuation pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder with haloperidol and phenelzine. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1843-8.

63 Sheard MH. Lithium in the treatment of aggression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1975;160:108-18.

64 Lawall JS, Wesselius CL. The use of lithium carbonate in borderline patients. J Psychiatr Treatment and Evaluation 1982;4:265-7.

65 Liebowitz MR, Klein DF. Interrelationship of hysteroid dysphoria and borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1981;4:67-87.

66 de la Fuente JM, Lotstra F. A trial of carbamazepine in borderline personality disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1994;4:479-86.

67 Gardner DL, Cowdry RW. Positive effects of carbamazepine on behavioural dyscontrol. In borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:519-22.

68 Stein DJ, Simeon D, Frenkel M, Islam MN, Hollander E. An open trial of valproate in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:506-10.

69 Wilcox JA. Divalproex sodium as a treatment for borderline personality disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1995;7:33-7.

70 Weinberger OR. A connectionist approach to the prefrontal cortex. J Neuropsych Clin Neuroscience 1993;5:241-53.

71 Raine A, Buchsbaum MS, Stanley I, Lottenberg S, Abel L, Stoddard I. Selective reductions in prefrontal glucose metabolism in murderers assessed with positron emission tomography. Psychophysiology 1992;29(4A):558.

72 Brown GL, Ebert MH, Goyer PF. Aggression, suicide, and serotonin relationship to CSF metabolite. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:741-5.

73 Coccaro EF. Central serotonin and impulse aggression. Br J Psychiatry 1989;155(Suppl):52S-4S.

74 Norden MJ. Fluoxetine in borderline personality disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989;13:885-93.

75 Cornelius JR, Soloff PH, Peret JM, Ulrich RF. Fluoxetine trial in borderline personality disorder. Psycopharmacol BuIl 1990;26:149-52.

76 Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO. Emergence of intensive suicidaI preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:207-10.

77 Markovitz PJ. Fluoxetine in borderline and schizotypal personality disorder. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, New York, May 1990.

78 Markovitz PJ, Calabrese JR, Schulz SC, Meltzer HY. Fluoxetine in treatment of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1064-7.

79 Coccaro EF, Astill JL, Herbert JL, Schut AG. Fluoxetine treatment of impulsive aggression in DSM-III-R personality disorder patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;105:373-5.

80 Bagby RM, Levitan RD, Kennedy SH, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. Selective alteration of personality in response to noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressant medication in depressed sample: evidence of non-specificity. Psychiatry Res 1999;86:211-6.

81 Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality disordered subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:1081-8.

82 Tupin JP, Smith DB, Clanon TL, Kim LI, Nugent A, Groupe A. The long-term use of lithium in aggressive disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1973;14:311-7.

83 Shader RI, Jackson AH, Dodes LM. The anti-aggressive effects of lithium in man. Psychopharmacologia 1974;40:17-24.

84 Gardner DL, Cowdry RW. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: a review. Psycopharmacol Bull 1989;25:515-23.

85 Kavoussi RJ, Coccaro EF. Divalproex Sodium for Impulsive Aggressive Behavior in patients with Personality Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:676-80.

86 Donovan SJ, Susser ES, Nynes EV, Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, Klein DF. Divalproex treatment of disruptive adolescents: a report of 10 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:12-18.

87 Frankenburg FR, Zanarini MC. Clozapine treatment of borderline patients: a preliminary study. Compr Psychiatry 1993;34:515-23.

88 Kouzan HR, Donnelly NJ. Remission of self-mutilation in a patient with borderline personality during Risperidone therapy. J Nerv Ment Disord 1997;185:348-9.

89 Hallmayr JF. Risperidone and borderline personality disorder. Curr Psych Rep 2003;5:175-6.

90 Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Olanzapine treatment of female borderline personality disorder patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:849-54.

91 Schultz SC, Camlin KL, Berry SA. Olanzapine safety and efficacy in patients with borderline personality disorder and comorbid dysthymia. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:1429-35.

92 McGee MD. Cessation of self-mutilation in a patient with borderline personality disorder treated with naltrexone (Letter to the Editor). J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:32-3.

93 Sonne S, Rubey R, Brady K, Malcom R, Morris T. Naltrexone treatment of self-injurious thoughts an behaviours. J Nerv Ment Disease 1996;184:192-5.

94 Wender PH, Reimherr RW, Wood D, Ward M. A controlled study of methylphedinate in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, a residual type, in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:547-52.

95 Soloff PH, George A, Nathan RS, Scultz PM, Ulrich R F, Perel JM. Progress in pharmacotherapy of borderline disorders: a double-blind study of amitriptyline, haloperidol, and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:691-7.

96 Leone NF. Response of borderline patients to loxapine and chlorpromazine. J Clin Psychiatry 1982;43:148-50.

97 Serban G, Siegel S. Response of borderline and schizotypal patients to small doses of thiothixene and haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1455-58.

98 Benedetti F, Sforzine L, Colombo C, Maffei C, Smeraldi E. Low-dose clozapine in acute and combination treatment of severe borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:103-7.

99 Chengappa KN, Baker RW, Sirri C. The successful use of clozapine in ameliorating severe self-mutilation in a patient with borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 1995;9:76-82.

100 Steiner M, Elizur A, Davidson S. Behavioral toxicity. Neuroleptic-induced paradoxical behavioral toxicity in young borderline schizoprenics. Confin Psychiatr 1979;22:226-33.

101 Kelly T, Soloff PH, Cornelius JR. George A, Lis J. Can we study (treat) borderline patients? Attrition from research and open treatment. J Pers Disord 1992;6:417-33.

102 Parsons B. Phenelzine, imipramine, and placebo in borderline patients meeting criteria for atypical depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;25:524-34.

103 Klein DF. Psychiatric diagnosis and a typology of clinical drug effects. Psychopharmacologia 1968;13:359-86.

104 Stone MH. The fate of borderline patients. Successful outcome and psychiatric practice. New York-London: The Guilford Press 1990.

105 Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Biological and pharmacological aspects of borderline personality disorder. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 1991;42:1029-33.

106 Paris J. The etiology of borderline personality disorder: a biopsychosocial approach. Psychiatry 1994;57:316-25.

107 Mc Glashan TH. Implicazioni delle ricerche sull’outcome nel trattamento del disturbo borderline di personalità. In: Paris J, ed. Il disturbo borderline di personalità. Eziologia e trattamento. Milano: Raffaello Cortina 1995:24-69.

108 Sweeney DR. Treatment of outpatients with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(Suppl):32S-5S.

109 Manna V, Valvano L. Comorbidità per disturbi d’ansia negli eroino-dipendenti: indicazioni e strategie psicoterapeutiche. Psichiatria in Puglia, Bollettino della Sezione Regionale Pugliese della Società Italiana di Psichiatria 2001;7:20-5.

110 Manna V, Mescia G. Depressione e dipendenze patologiche: comordibità e approcci terapeutici integrati. Psichiatria in Puglia, Bollettino della Sezione Regionale Pugliese della Società Italiana di Psichiatria 2001;7:29-32.

111 Manna V, Ferrone CM. Alcol-dipendenza, abuso di sostanze e craving: considerazioni cliniche e proposta di un trattamento integrato multimodale. Bollettino Italiano delle Farmacodipendenze e l’alcolismo 2001;24:50-61.

112 Manna V, Antonio DA. Considerazioni sul rapporto medico-paziente: aspetti di psico-dinamica della farmacoterapia. Gazzetta Sanitaria della Daunia 1999;49:68-78.

113 Manna V, Tredanari G, Mescia G. Psicogenesi delle farmaco-tossicodipendenze: correlati psicopatologici e prospettive terapeutiche. Salute e Prevenzione 1990;1:63-9.

114 Gabbard GO. Combining Medication with Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Personality Disorders. In: Gunderson JG. Gabbard GO, eds. Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders. Review of Psychiatry Series, vol. 19, no 3. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 2000.

115 Manna V. I precursori psicosociali e comportamentali dell’abuso di sostanze psicoattive: indagine sulla loro presenza ed importanza relativa nella popolazione scolastica del distretto pugliese n. 31. In: Atti del Congresso Nazionale della Società Italiana per lo Studio dei Comportamenti d’Abuso e delle Dipendenze, S.I.C.A.D., Roma 7-10 ottobre 1992:159-60.

116 Manna V. Il disagio giovanile come disagio della civiltà: alla ricerca di valori umani autentici nella prospettiva della psicologia transpersonale. Gnosis 1994;7:12-24.

117 Manna V, Mescia G, Ferrone CM, Lattanzio M. I nuovi volti del disagio giovanile. Prospettive di prevenzione sociale in uno studio del Ser.T. dell’ASL FG/3. Difesa Sociale. Rivista dell’Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale 1999;1:83-97.

118 Manna V. L’assordante silenzio della libertà. Appunti per una prevenzione scientificamente orientata del fenomeno droga. Foggia: Leone Editore 1992.

119 Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Jackson DN, Vernon P. Genetic and Environmental factors in personality dimensions. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1826-31.

120 Rosenberg R. Borderline states. Acta Psychiat Scand 1994;89(379 Suppl):56S-60S.

121 Manna V. Dipendenze patologiche da sostanze e depressione: verso il trattamento integrato multi-modale. Minerva Psichiatrica 2002;43:29-35.

122 Paris J. Contesto sociale e disturbi di personalità. Milano: Raffaello Cortina 1997.

123 Gunderson JG, Gabbard GO, eds. Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders. Review of Psychiatry Series, vol. 19, no 3. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 2000.

124 Manna V, Daniele MT, Mario P. Psicosi e dipendenze patologiche da sostanze: verso il trattamento integrato multimodale. Giorn Ital Psicopatol 2002;8:36-58.

125 Mc Glashan TH. The longitudinal profile of borderline personality disorder: contributions from the Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. In: Silver D, Rosenbluth M, eds. Handbook of Borderline Disorders. New York: International University Press 1992:53-86.

126 Paris J. Follow-up studies of borderline personality disorder: a critical review. J Pers Disord 1988;2:189-97.

127 Adler G. Borderline Psychopathology and Its Treatment. New York: Jason Aronson 1985.

128 Kernberg OF. Disturbi gravi della personalità. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri 1987.

129 Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: theory and method. Bull Menninger Clin 1987;51:261-76.

130 Melges FT, Swartz MS. Oscillations of attachment in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1115-20.

131 Shearin EN, Linehan MM. Dialectics and behavior therapy: a meta-paradoxical approach to the treatment of borderline personality disorder. In: Ascher LM, ed. Therapeutic Paradox. New York: Guilford 1991:255-88.

132 Waldinger RJ. Intensive psychodynamic therapy with borderline patients: an overview. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:267-74.

133 Waldinger RJ, Gunderson JG. Completed psychotherapies with borderline patients. Am J Psychotherapy 1984;38:190-202.

134 Silver D. Psychodynamics and psychotherapeutic management of the self-destructive character-disordered patient. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1985;8:357-75.

135 Perry S. Treatment time and the borderline patient. J Pers Disord 1989;3:230 - 9.

136 Manna V, Antonio DA. Approccio diagnostico rapido alla clinica delle dipendenze patologiche e delle psico-patologie correlate. Difesa Sociale, Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale 2002;4:113-28.

137 Wallerstein R. Forty-two Lives in Treatment. New York: Guilford 1986.

138 Frances A, Clarkin J, Perry S. Differential Therapeutics. In: Psychiatry. The Art and Science of Treatment Selection. New York: Brunner Mazel 1984.

139 Stone MH. Contemporary shift in the borderline concept from a sub-schizophrenic disorder to a sub affective disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1979;2:577-94.

140 Soloff PH. Pharmacotherapy of borderline disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1981;22:535-43.

141 Manna V. www.salus.it\medicinadelledipendenze\index.htm. 2001.

142 Manna V, Lattanzio M. Aspetti diagnostici delle sindromi e dei disturbi associati alle dipendenze patologiche da sostanze. Difesa Sociale, Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale 2000;1-2:119-34.

143 Soloff PH. Pharmacologic Therapies of the Borderline Personalità Disorder. In: Paris J, ed. Borderline Personality Disorder: Etiology and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1993.

144 Konicki PE, Schulz SC. Rationale for clinical trials of oppiate antagonists in treating patients with personality disorders and self-injurious behavior. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;25:556-63.